Умная толпа

http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople» (27 January 2002).

70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponentiaclass="underline" Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (25 January 2002).

71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.

Глава 3

1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html.» (25 January 2002).

2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, «http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html» (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», «http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/» (25 January 2002).

3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponentiaclass="underline" Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.//www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (1 February 2002).

5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.

6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.

7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.

8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, «http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html» (1 February 2002).

9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, «http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm» (30 January 2002).

10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», «http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html» (25 January 2002).

11. United Devices, «http://www.ud.com/» (1 February 2002).

12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», «http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm» (23 December 2001).

13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.

14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs», NewScientist.com, 19 February 2002, «http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953» (19 February 2002).

15. Google Compute, «http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, «http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531» (5 February 2002).

17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html» (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, «http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).

18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, «http://www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).

20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit», CNN.com, 21 February 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/» (5 February 2002).

21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, «http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml» (2 February 2002).

22. Nullsoft, Inc., «http://www.nullsoft.com/» (29 January 2002).

23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, «http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/» (2 February 2002).

24. Gnutella News.

25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, «http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html» (17 January 2002).

26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), «http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html» (2 February 2002).

27. Mojo Nation, «http://www.mojonation.net/» (23 January 2002).

28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, «http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703» (23 December 2001).

29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, «http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml» (2 February 2002).

30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html» (29 March 2002).

31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, «http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html» (23 November 2001).

32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html» (24 January 2002).

33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, «http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html»

34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html» (1 February 2002).

35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, «http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html».

36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).

Глава 4

1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. «http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html», 2 February 2002.

2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

3. Joel Garreau, «You Are So Here», Washington Post, 19 August 2001: COl, «http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33379-2001Augl9.html» (22 January 2002).

4. «Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense», «http://www.soe.ucsd.edu/Research_Review/agenda.html» (1 January 2002).

5. Saikat Chatterjee, «Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years», Business Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.

6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, «The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693-696, «http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ weiser.html» (2 February 2002).

7. Mark Weiser, «Ubiquitous Computing», «