minister of agriculture Count A. A. Bobrinsky in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, 1412.3.1593.
See Varlamov, Rasputin-Novyi, p. 681; Hoover Institution Archives, Vasilii Maklakov Collection, 15-16, pp. 1-9.
Z. I. Peregudova, ed., 'Okhranka': vospominaniia rukovoditeleipoliticheskogo syska (Moscow: 2004), vol. 2, pp. 123-24.
Varlamov, Rasputin-Novyi, p. 699; Raupakh, Facies, pp. 193-94; P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, p. 447; the diary of P. I. Korzhenevsky in the Russian State Library, Scientific Research Division of Manuscripts, 436.11.1, 72 ob-73.
Sergey von Markow, Wie ich die Zarin befreien wollte (Zurich: 1929), p. 145.
Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti (Moscow: 2005), p. 8.
chapter 5. enter lenin
Winston Churchill, World Crisis (London: T. Butterworth, 1923-31), vol. 5,
p. 73.
Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1990),
pp. 377-78.
Lenin, Socialism and War: The Attitude of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Towards the War (Geneva: Sotsia-Democrat, 1915).
Lyrics by Eugene Pottier.
V I. Lenin, Collected Works, Volume 23 (August 1916-March 1917) (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964), p. 253. On Munzenberg and Lenin in Zurich, see Sean McMeekin, The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Munzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), chapter 2.
The best documentary account is Werner Hahlweg, ed., Lenins Rtickkehr nach Russland 1917: Die deutschen Akten (Leiden: Brill, 1957) and, for the middleman between Lenin and the Germans, Z. A. B. Zerman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) 1867-1924.
Munzenberg, Die dritte Front, p. 236, and 'Mit Lenin in der Schweiz', in Internationale Presse Korrespondenz 6 (27 August 1926): 1838.
Cited in Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 393. Pipes's translation.
Cited in James Bunyan and H. H. Fisher, eds, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1918 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1934), p. 7.
10. Cited in ibid.
Cited in Leonard Shapiro, The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 59.
Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik, 21.
As recalled in paraphrase by Chernov in The Great Russian Revolution, trans. Philip E. Mosely (New York: Russell & Russell, 1966), p. 194.
Cited by Richard Stites in 'Miliukov and the Russian Revolution', foreword to Miliukov, The Russian Revolution, p. xii.
Pipes, Russian Revolution, pp. 257-58.
Citations in Chernov, The Great Russian Revolution, pp. 193, 200.
Oleg Airapetov, 'Na Vostochnom napravlenii. Sud'ba Bosforskoi ekspeditsii v pravlenie imperatora Nikolaia II', Poslednaia voina imperatorskoi Rossii: sbornik statei (Moscow: Tri kvadrata, 2002), pp. 241-43.
Bazili to N. N. Pokrovskii, from Stavka, 26 February / 11 March 1917, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire in Moscow (AVPRI), fond 138, opis' 467, del' 493/515, list' 1 (and back).
Bazili to N. N. Pokrovskii, from Stavka, 26 February / 11 March 1917, in AVPRI, fond 138, opis' 467, del' 493/515, list' 1 (and back).
Cited in C. Jay Smith, Jr., The Russian Struggle for Power, 1914-1917 (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956), p. 465.
Usedom to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 16 April 1917, in the German Admiralty files in Freiburg, BA/MA, RM 40-4. Seven seaplanes: Rene Greger, Russische Flotte im ersten Weltkrieg, 1914-1917 (Munich: J. F. Lehmann, 1970), p. 61.
Bazili to Miliukov, 23 March / 5 April 1917, in the AVPRI, fond 138, opis' 467, del' 493/515, list' 4-6 (and backs).
Cited in C. Jay Smith, Russian Struggle for Power, 472.
M. Philips Price, 'Russia's Control of the Straits,' published in the Manchester Guardian, 26 April 1917. Republished in Price, Dispatches from the Revolution. Russia 1915-1918 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).
Lenin, 'The War and the Provisional Government,' first published in Pravda on 13/26 April 1917, in Collected Works (April-June 1917), vol. 24, p. 114.
As noted by Chernov, still fuming with rage over this 'mockery,' in The Great Russian Revolution, p. 200.
'Resolution on the Attitude Towards the Provisional Government,' 18 April / 1 May 1917, in Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 24, pp. 154-55; and 'Draft Resolution on the War,' 'written between 15 April and 22 April 1917,' pp. 161-66.
Citations in Pipes, Russian Revolution, pp. 403-04.
Cited in ibid., p. 413.
'Rukovodiashchiia ukazaniia General'Komissaru oblastei Turtsii, zanyatyikh' po pravu voinyi,' adjusted to comply with the Soviet's 'peace without annexations' declaration, 15/28 May 1917, in AVPRI, fond 151, opis' 482, del' 3481, list' 81-82.
Cited in Kazemzadeh, Struggle for Transcaucasia, p. 61. See also Allan Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 vols (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980/1987), vol. 2, p. 141.
G. W. Le Page to Captain H. G. Grenfell from aboard the Almaz at Sevastopol, 29 April 1917, in The National Archives of the United Kingdom (PRO), ADM 137 / 940.
G. W. Le Page to Captain H. G. Grenfell from aboard the Almaz at Sevastopol, 23 May 1917, in PRO, ADM 137 / 940.
Rene Greger, Russische Flotte im ersten Weltkrieg, p. 63.
Report of Captain-Lieutenant Nusret from Constantinople after his tour of Russia's Black Sea ports, 14 April 1918, in the German Military Archive in Freiburg (BA / MA), RM 40-252.
Figures cited in A. K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), vol. 1, pp. 364-65.
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 410.
Sean McMeekin, History's Greatest Heist. The Looting of Russia by the Bolsheviks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), esp. chapter 5 ('Brest- Litovsk and the Diplomatic Bag').
Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 372.
William G. Rosenberg, 'Reading Soldiers' Moods: Russian Military Censorship and the Configuration of Feeling in World War I', in The American Historical Review vol. 119 no. 3, 2014, 714-40, esp. fn46.
'Russian Soldiers Fleeing Germans on the Galician Front, July 1917,' from Mirrorpix (the photo archive of the London Daily Mirror).
In this account of the July Days, I have followed mostly Shapiro, Russian Revolutions of 1917, pp. 80-85, and Pipes, Russian Revolution, pp. 422-31.
Ibid., p. 431 and passim.
Citations in ibid., p. 433.
See Lucius von Stoedten from Stockholm, 20 July 1917, in the Political Archive of the German Foreign Office (PAAA), R 10080. On the Romanov treasure and Bolshevik efforts to sell it, see McMeekin, History's Greatest Heist, chapters 2 and 8.
chapter 6. the kornilov affair: a tragedy of errors
Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York, London: 1927), p. 318.
Ibid., passim.