Oliver Radkey, The Unknown Civil War in Soviet Russia: A Study of the Green Movement in the Tambov Region, 1920-1921 (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1976).
Quoted in A. K. Sokolov, ed., Protokoly Prezidiuma Vysshego Soveta Narodnogo Khoziaistva. 1920 god: sbornik dokumentov (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), p. 3.
On the conscription of civilian labour before 1917, see Joshua Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 139-41.
Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), pp. 490-91. See also Leon Trotsky, The Defence of Terrorism (Terrorism and Communism): A Reply to Karl Kautsky (London: Labour Publishing Co., 1921), pp. 127-63.
Sylvana Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918-1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 84-85.
See Leon Trotsky, Sochineniia, 21 vols (Moscow-Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1927), vol. 15: pp. 27-51.
See 'Vserossiiskoe razorenie i trudovye zadachie krest'ianstva (pi'smo k Sigunovu),' in Trotsky, Sochineniia, vol. 15, pp. 14-26.
Viktor Kondrashin, Krest'ianstvo Rossii vgrazhdanskoi voine: k voprosu ob istokakh stalinizma (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2009), pp. 286-87.
See V. K. Vorob'ev, 'Chapannaia voina v Simbirskoigubernii: mify i real'nost' (Ulianovsk: Vektor -S, 2008); Kondrashin, Krest'ianstvo Rossii, pp. 127-43.
The entire exchange can be found in Viktor Danilov and Teodor Shanin, eds, Krest'ianskoe dvizhenie v Povolzh'e, 1919-1922: Dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), pp. 127-28.
Trotsky later wrote that his travel to this region in 1919 was the true start of his misgivings of the regime's food procurement methods. See Leon Trotsky, Novyi kurs (Moscow: Krasnaia nov', 1924), pp. 52-53.
Ia. G. Gol'din, Commissar for Food in Tambov province, quoted in Erik Landis, 'Between Village and Kremlin: Confronting State Food Procurement in Civil War Tambov, 1919-1920', Russian Review 63 (January 2004), p. 77.
As the secretary of the Commissariat for Agriculture, V. N. Meshcheriakov, wrote: 'All that is important in the food supply commissariat is to get more grain.' Quoted in James Heinzen, Inventing a Soviet Countryside: State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia, 1917-1929 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004), p. 35.
On the razverstka policy and its antecedents, see Lars Lih, Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990).
This comparison is against the standard set in 1913, after which declines were recorded. After 1917, however, the decline became much more severe. Malle, Economic Organization, pp. 426-31; Lih, Bread and Authority, pp. 261-62.
Iu. A. Poliakov, Perekhod k NEPu i sovetskoe krest'ianstvo (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), p. 88; Malle, Economic Organization, p. 468.
According to the Soviet economist Lev Kritsman, urban citizens depended upon the black market for up to 70 per cent of their food. See Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR (London: Allen Lane, 1969), pp. 61-62; Donald Raleigh, Experiencing Russia's Civil War: Politics, Society and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917-1922 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 296.
Igor' Narskii, Zhizn' v katastrofe: Budni naseleniia Urala v 1917-1922 gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2001), p. 280.
Translated passages are from John Channon, 'Trotsky, the Peasants, and Economic Policy,' Economy and Society 14, no. 4 (1984), pp. 518-20. The source document is in Trotsky, Sochineniia, vol. 17/2, pp. 543-44.
Lenin expressed the problem even more concisely, in specific reference to coal mining in the Donbass region: '[T]here is no bread because there is no coal, and there is no coal because there is no bread.' However, Lenin made his comments in late February 1921. See V. I. Lenin, Polnoe Sobranie Sochenenii (PSS), 55 vols (Moscow: Gos. izd. politliteratury, 1955-65), vol. 42, p. 364.
Two policy developments of note in this regard were the Communist Party subbotniki and the unrealised sowing committees project. See William Chase, 'Voluntarism, Mobilization and Coercion: Subbotniki, 1919-1921', Soviet Studies 41, no. 1 (1989), pp. 111-28; Lars Lih, 'The Bolshevik Sowing Committees of 1920: Apotheosis of War Communism?', Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 803 (1990).
Vladimir Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 163-64.
Sergei Pavliuchenkov, 'S chego nachinalsia NEP ?,' in N. N. Taranov and V. V Zhuravlev, eds, Trudnye vosprosy istorii: Poiski, razmyshlenii, novyi vzgliad na sobytii i fakty (Moscow: Izd. polit-literatury, 1991), pp. 48-49; Protokoly Prezidiuma Vysshego Soveta Narodnogo Khoziaistva, p. 4.
Lenin, PSS, vol. 51, pp. 123, 405 fn. 128; Sergei Pavliuchenkov, Krest'ianskii Brest, ilipredistoriia bol'shevistskogo NEPa (Moscow: Russkoe knigoizdatel'skoe tovarishchestvo, 1996), p. 143. For Lenin's earlier words on free trade, see his speech to the Seventh Congress of Soviets (5 December 1919) in PSS, vol. 39, pp. 407-08.
Pavliuchenkov, Krest'ianskii Brest, pp. 128-29.
Ibid., pp. 143-44.
Trotsky notes this outcome in his autobiography. See My Life: The Rise and Fall of a Dictator (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1930), p. 396.
Deviatyi s'ezd RKP(b). Mart-Aprel' 1920 (Moscow: Partiinoe izdatel'stvo,
1934).
Danilov and Shanin, Krest'ianskoe dvizhenie v Povolzh'e, pp. 417-18.
For example, see Danilov and Shanin, Krest'ianskoe dvizhenie v Povolzh'e, pp. 468-72.
A. Berelowitch and V. Danilov, eds, Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK- OGPU-NKVD, 1918-1939, 4 vols (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), vol. 1, p. 298.
This perspective was spelled out in clear terms by Soviet authorities in Moscow, warning regional and provincial authorities that they would be held personally responsible for shortfalls in procurement. See Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti, 13 vols (Moscow: Gos. izd. politliteratury, 1957-1989), vol. 9, p. 241; vol. 10, pp. 239-40.
Quoted in Landis, 'Between Village and Kremlin,' p. 83.
Berelowitch and Danilov, Sovetskaia derevnia, vol. 1, p. 283.
On Tambov, see Radkey, The Unknown Civil War and Erik Landis, Bandits and Partisans: The Antonov Movement in the Russian Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008).
Danilov and Shanin, Krest'ianskoe dvizhenie v Povolzh'e, p. 760.
Berelowitch and Danilov, Sovetskaia derevnia, vol. 1, pp. 363-79.
V. I. Shishkin, ed., Sibirskaia Vandeia, 2 vols (Moscow: 'Demokratiia', 2000), vol. 2, pp. 9-11.
The official Sovnarkom instruction on preparations for the razverstka campaign in Siberia set the targets for 1920-21, and because these regions had not previously been under Soviet control, it also decreed that all surpluses from earlier harvests, before 1920, were to be delivered to state grain collection points. See Shishkin, L., Sibirskaia Vandeia, vol. 2, pp. 6-7.