b) -ing (the process) (the stressed vowel doesn't change): swimi (to swim) – swiming (swimming), gloti (to swallow) – glota (a swallow) – gloting (swallowing)
c) tu: Tu samaji (to understand) es (is / are) tu pardoni (to forgive). – To understand means to forgive.
7.2. Doer
a) -er (doer or tool): leki (to treat medically) – leker (doctor), ofni (to open) – ofner (opener)
b) -sha (a person performing the action): plei (to play) – plei-sha (the one who is playing)
c) -nik (a person having a characteristic feature): fobi (to be afraid of) – fobnik (coward)
7.3. Related to the action
a) -tura (the final result): shwo (to say, to talk) – shwotura (a saying)
b) -wat (the object of action): pi (to drink) – piwat (beverage)
c) -ka (an object related to the action): pendi (to hang) – pendika (peg, rack)
8. Verb to adjective
8.1. General meaning
a) -ke (related to): helpi (to help) – helpike (auxiliary), hao-chi-ke (good, well + to eat) fan (food) – tasty food
b) -she, -ney (participles): skribi (to write) – skribi-she (writing), skribi (to write) – skribi-ney (written)
8.2. With special meaning
a) -bile (possibility): vidi (to see) – vidibile (visible)
b) -shil (tending to): kusi (to bite) – kusishil (tending to bite)
c) -val (worth doing): admiri (to admire) – admirival (admirable)
9. Verb to adverb
a) -shem (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem): ahfi (to hide) – ahfi-shem (secretly)
b) -nem: ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)
Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word
1. Common
(can be used with words of different classes)
1.1. Opposition: no-: pinchan (ordinary) – nopinchan (extraordinary)
1.2. Diminutive and magnifying: