And 1980 was also an election year.
Carter had been elected on the promise to cut defense spending, and during his presidency there was a major decline in U.S. military power. Funding shortages had caused over 7 percent of air force aircraft to be grounded due to a lack of spare parts. Air force crews wore flight suits that were so old the flame retardant had been washed out, but there was no money to buy new ones. The navy was particularly hard hit; it had half the number of ships of ten years before and could not fully man them. Nor was there enough ammunition to fill every ship's magazine. Enlisted personnel were so poorly paid — below minimum wage — that they had to put their families on food stamps or work second or third jobs.[382]
By 1980, the American public had become convinced the nation was in decline, pushed around by Third-World countries like Iran and facing a growing Soviet threat. The breaking point came with the failed attempt to rescue U.S. hostages held by the Iranians. The scenes of abandoned helicopters and burned bodies at Desert 1 damaged American confidence in a way even Vietnam did not. Unveiling the revolutionary possibilities of stealth seemed to be a way to counter Republican charges that President Carter had neglected defense.
On August 22, 1980, Defense Secretary Brown held a press conference:
I am announcing today a major technological advance of great military significance.
This so-called 'stealth' technology enables the United States to build manned and unmanned aircraft that cannot be successfully intercepted with existing air defense systems. We have demonstrated to our satisfaction that the technology works.
Brown noted that the effort had been kept secret for three years due to the efforts of the few people in government who had been briefed on the project and the contractors involved.
However, in the last few months, the circle of people knowledgeable about the program has widened, partly because of the increased size of the effort, and partly because of the debate under way in the Congress on new bomber proposals. Regrettably, there have been several leaks about the stealth program in the last few days in the press and television news coverage.
In the face of these leaks, I believe that it is not appropriate or credible for us to deny the existence of this program. And it is now important to correct some of the leaked information that misrepre-sented the Administration's position on a new bomber program…
I am gratified that, as yet, none of the most sensitive and significant classified information about the characteristics of this program has been disclosed. An important objective of the announcement today is to make clear the kinds of information that we intend scrupulously to protect at the highest security level.
Also at the press conference was William Perry. He explained that, "even as we acknowledge the existence of a stealth program, we will draw a new security line." The information to be guarded was the specific techniques used, how effective they were, the characteristics of the aircraft under development, and the funding and schedules of the programs. (In retrospect, it is clear the secret they were trying to protect was faceting.) Perry also noted that "stealth technology does not involve a single technical approach, but rather a complex synthesis of many. Even if I were willing to describe it to you, I could not do it in a sentence or even a paragraph."[383]
The press coverage that followed the Brown statement indicated how little the popular press understood about stealth. A Newsweek article claimed stealth aircraft were equipped with "electronic jamming devices to reduce 'radar echo' aircraft normally give off." In fact, any electronic emissions would give the plane's location away. The article was illustrated with a CBS news drawing of a "stealth" airplane. It had nothing in common with what engineers thought a stealth aircraft would look like, nor did it look like the Have Blue. Instead, it resembled a navy F-8 Crusader with an inlet over the cockpit, two oddly bent curved wings, and a flat-tipped nose.[384]
In the wake of the press conference, the Republicans charged that the White House had released classified information for political gain. President Carter responded by blaming the Ford administration for not classify-ing stealth from the start.
Congress also became involved. On August 20, 1980, the House Armed Services Committee had been briefed on stealth. They were told that the subject was highly secret. Then, two days later, the press conference was held, which provided more information than they had been given. The committee held hearings, which cast doubts on the explanation for the disclosure. Benjamin Schemmer, editor of Armed Forces Journal, testified that in 1978 the magazine had withheld an article on stealth at the request of the Department of Defense; then in August 1980, he had been approached by William Perry, who encouraged him to publish a modified version of the original article. It was to be published no later than August 21 — the day before the press conference.
More damaging was the testimony given by Adm. Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., the former chief of naval operations. He testified that President Carter had decided to deliberately leak stealth information. This would be used as an excuse to announce the program's existence, so the administration could take credit for it. Zumwalt named as the alleged leaker of the information the deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs, David L. Aaron.
Aaron submitted an affidavit with the committee denying Zumwalt's charges. However, he refused to testify under oath due to a dispute between the committee and the White House over executive privilege.
The committee found Defense Secretary Brown's explanation for the press conference flimsy. In a report issued in February 1981, they stated they could not understand how the "damage-limiting tactic" was supposed to work. An official announcement was sure to attract more attention to the program than "no comment." Based on the testimony of Schemmer and Zumwalt, along with Aaron's refusal to testify and Brown's weak explanation, the committee concluded that the disclosure had been made for political ends. The committee also stated that the announcement of the stealth program had done "serious damage… to the security of the United States and our ability to deter or to contain a potential Soviet threat."[385]
Any attempt to use stealth as an election year ploy by the Carter administration had backfired. The concept and possibilities of stealth, which few in the public and press could understand, did not mitigate the failure at Desert 1. Ronald Reagan was elected president in a landslide.
The unveiling of stealth had another effect. It was to warn both Republicans and Democrats that misfortune awaits those who disclose Black projects. Not surprisingly, the new administration had very different ideas on how to handle Black airplanes.
They disappeared from sight.
When the Groom Lake test site was established in 1955, the location's isolation was sufficient protection. It was about twenty miles from the near-est highway and thirty miles from any town. "Ozzie" Ritland, who selected the site, said they were looking "for the most isolated part of the United States of America" to test fly the U-2. During the U-2 operations, there were a few sightings, but as Ritland recalled, "they would see the airplane, but they weren't so curious and it was far enough into the desert."[386]
382
Richard P. Hallion,
384
Melinda Beck, William J. Cook, and John J. Lindsay, "Unveiling a Ghost Airplane,"
386
U.S. Air Force Oral History Interviews, Maj. Gen. Osmond J. Ritland, March 19–21, 1974, vol. 1 (Edwards AFB History Office: Ritland Files), 142.