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The wounded who were unable to move remained lying where they were. My wound had become worse in that I now had fever and was shivering. I carried Traudel with my good arm about three kilometres towards Halbe, but my shoulder wound began bleeding from the effort and I lost so much blood that I could not go any further. Some comrades took Traudel on by vehicle to Halbe.

The whole break-out area lay under a frightful hail of fire such as I had never ever experienced before throughout the war. When I reach Halbe several hours later, it was no longer possible to get through. All the streets were jammed with shot-up and burning vehicles. While looking for Traudel at the many wounded collection points, I was wounded again by a shell exploding three metres away from me, getting splinters in the left knee and thigh. With the help of a comrade, I was able to slip into the cellar of the nearest house, where civilians bandaged me. I lay down there and was found by the Russians when they took the village during the course of the evening. A Russian officer had me immediately bandaged by a Russian medical orderly and came back two hours later with a German doctor and two stretcher bearers, who took me to the dressing station. My enquiries about Traudel were unfortunately unsuccessful. Traudel wore a small label with her Cottbus address on it under her coat, as I saw myself. Hopefully she has found her way to you in the meantime.

The whole episode in the Halbe area from 26 to 30 April was a catastrophe. From the 140,000 men who were in the pocket, more than 20,000 were killed and 10,000 wounded.

The fate of Frau Buhlmann and your Traudel has had the same effect on me as if they were my nearest kin. And during the few hours that I sat together with Traudel in the foxhole, I grew as close to the child as if she had been mine.[9]

But what happened thereafter to the principal protagonists in this drama?

General Busse (full name Ernst Hermann August Theodor Busse) was released by the Americans in 1947, and from 1950 until 1965 served as the principal adviser on Civil Defence to the Federal German Ministry of the Interior,[10] for which he was awarded the Gross Verdienstkreuz mit Stern upon his retirement. He died at the age of 89 at Wallerstein in Bavaria on 21 October 1986.

Marshal Koniev served on the Allied Control Commission in Austria until he replaced Zhukov as Commander-in-Chief Land Forces in 1946. In July 1955 he was appointed the first Commander-in-Chief of the Warsaw Pact Forces, but had to give up the post through ill health five years later. Fully recovered, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief Soviet Group of Forces in Germany on 10 August 1961, just three days before the construction of the Berlin Wall began. One year later he transferred to the Group of Inspectors upon nominal retirement, and died aged 79 on 20 May 1975.

Marshal Zhukov stayed on as Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany until 1946, when Stalin appointed him Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces, but soon afterwards downgraded him to commander of the Odessa Military District and later to the Ural Military District, posts normally occupied by a colonel-general. Following Stalin’s death in March 1953, Zhukov became Minister of Defence in the new government under Nikolai Bulganin, receiving his fourth star as ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’ on his 60th birthday in 1956. He supported Nikita Khrushchev’s take-over in 1957 and was retained in his post, but upon returning from a triumphant visit to Yugoslavia and Albania in October that year, he was dismissed on charges of high-handedness, establishing a personality cult and obstructing Party work within the army.

Deprived of his positions as a member of the Presidium and the Central Committee, and as Minister of Defence, Zhukov withdrew to the dacha outside Moscow that Stalin had given him for life during the war. Pravda then published an article by Marshal Koniev that amounted to a scathing attack on Zhukov’s role during the war and as Minister of Defence. In March 1958 Zhukov was further humiliated by his contrived retirement as a Marshal of the Soviet Union, an unprecedented step, for marshals were normally transferred to the Group of Inspectors, whose occasional duties justified the continuation of their active-duty perquisites, such as an aide-de-camp and a chauffeur-driven car. Zhukov was now fair game for his old antagonists, and in March 1964 Chuikov attacked Zhukov in his book The End of the Third Reich, the first of the senior commanders’ memoirs allowed to be published after the war.

However, in 1965, under the Brezhnev regime, Zhukov was invited to attend a celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the victory over Germany, at which he received a great ovation. The next day he joined his old colleagues in reviewing the victory parade from the top of Lenin’s mausoleum. A request then arrived from a French publisher for permission to include a book on Zhukov in a series of twenty books on commanders of the Second World War. Somehow this request managed to get through the system, resulting in Zhukov producing his memoirs, upon which he had been working since his retirement. There followed considerable delays in obtaining official clearance, during which Zhukov suffered a heart attack, his second, but then the manuscript was eventually approved by no less than General Secretary Brezhnev, and by the end of April 1968 the book was on sale in Moscow. Despite an official ban on any form of publicity, Zhukov’s memoirs were an instant success, and the feedback from the readers, amounting to over 10,000 letters, encouraged Zhukov to start work on a second edition with his morale greatly enhanced. He died aged 77 in Moscow on 18 June 1974.

APPENDIX A

Soviet Forces Engaged Against the Halbe Pocket

Based on F. D. Vorbeyev, I. V. Propotkin and A. N. Shimanky, The Last Storm, with some additional information drawn from various sources.

1st Byelorussian Front Marshal G. K. Zhukov
3rd Army Col Gen A. V. Gorbatov
35th Rifle Corps Maj Gen N. A. Nikitin
250th, 290th & 348th Rifle Divisions
40th Rifle Corps Lt Gen V. S. Kuzynetsov
5th Rifle Division
129th Orel Rifle Division
438th, 457th & 518th Rifle Regiments
41st Rifle Corps Lt Gen V. K. Ubranovitch
120th & 269th Rifle Divisions
1812th, 1888th & 1901st Self-Propelled Assault Artillery Regiments
69th Army Col Gen V. Y. Kolpakchi
25th Rifle Corps Maj Gen N. I. Trufanov
77th Guards & 4th Rifle Divisions
61st Rifle Corps Lt Gen I. F. Grigorievsky
134th, 246th & 247th Rifle Divisions
91st Rifle Corps Lt Gen F. A. Volkov
41st, 312th & 370th Rifle Divisions
Army Troops
117th & 283rd Rifle Divisions
68th Tank Brigade
12th Self-Propelled Assault Artillery Brigade 344th Guards, 1205th, 1206th & 1221st Self-Propelled Assault Artillery Regiments
Reinforcements
12th Guards Artillery Brigade, 8th & 9th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigades, 293rd Mortar Regiment, 41st Guards Rocket-Launcher Brigade, 75th & 303rd Guards Rocket-Launcher Regiments
18th Anti-Aircraft Division
33rd & 89th Heavy Tank Regiments, 344th Armoured Artillery Regiment
12th & 35th Engineer Brigades, 2nd & 85th Pontoon Battalions, 154th Military Construction Battalion
29th & 40th Chemical Troops Battalions
6th Independent Flamethrower Battalion
273rd General Duties Battalion
33rd Army Col Gen V. D. Svotaev
16th Rifle Corps Maj Gen/Lt Gen E. V. Dobrovolsky
323rd, 339th & 383rd Rifle Divisions
38th Rifle Corps Maj Gen/Lt Gen A. D. Tyershkov
64th, 89th & 169th Rifle Divisions
62nd Rifle Corps Lt Gen V. S. Vorobyev
49th, 222nd & 362nd Rifle Divisions
Army Troops
95th Rifle Division
257th Independent Tank Regiment
360th & 361st Self-Propelled Assault Artillery Regiments
Reinforcements
115th & 119th Fortified Region Troops
257th Tank Regiment
22nd Artillery Division, 33rd Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade, 360th & 361st Guards Armoured Artillery Regiments, 56th Guards Rocket-Launcher Regiment
64th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
1st & 6th Pontoon Battalions, 155th Military Construction Battalion
10th Independent Motorized Flamethrower Battalion
283rd General Duties Battalion
2nd Guards Cavalry Corps Lt Gen V. V. Kruhkov
3rd, 4th & 17th Guards Cavalry Divisions
1459th Self-Propelled Assault Artillery Regiment
10th Guards Rocket-Launcher Regiment
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9

Halbe mahnt…! 1963 pamphlet, pp. 13–14.

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10

The author was informed by another general present that Busse was given a very stony reception when he gave an address on Civil Defence to the Bundeswehr Senior Staff College at Hamburg after the war.